A patient with hypocalcemia may experience:

In cases of hypocalcemia, one of the most significant physiological changes involves alterations in hemostasis, which can lead to prolonged clotting times and an increased risk of bleeding. Calcium plays a crucial role in the coagulation cascade; it is vital for the activation of certain clotting factors necessary for proper blood coagulation. When calcium levels are low, the body may struggle to form stable blood clots, resulting in a tendency for prolonged bleeding and a notable increase in clotting times. This effect is particularly important to recognize in critical care settings, where timely clot formation can be life-saving.

The other choices do not accurately reflect the physiological consequences of hypocalcemia. Increased heart rate and hypertension, as well as high calcium levels in the blood, would not occur with hypocalcemia. Instead, hypocalcemia may lead to symptoms such as decreased muscle excitability, which can result in muscle cramps, spasms, or tetany. Understanding these associations is essential for managing patients effectively within critical care.